On Windows, when duplicating a standard stream 0: stdin, 1: stdout, 2: stderr , the new file descriptor is inheritable. Duplicate file descriptor fd to fd2 , closing the latter first if necessary. Return fd2. The new file descriptor is inheritable by default or non-inheritable if inheritable is False. Previously, None was always returned. Change the mode of the file given by fd to the numeric mode. See the docs for chmod for possible values of mode.
As of Python 3. Change the owner and group id of the file given by fd to the numeric uid and gid. To leave one of the ids unchanged, set it to See chown. Return system configuration information relevant to an open file. Some platforms define additional names as well. For configuration variables not included in that mapping, passing an integer for name is also accepted. If name is a string and is not known, ValueError is raised. Get the status of the file descriptor fd.
The stat function. Return information about the filesystem containing the file associated with file descriptor fd , like statvfs. Force write of file with filedescriptor fd to disk. Truncate the file corresponding to file descriptor fd , so that it is at most length bytes in size. Return True if the file descriptor fd is open and connected to a tty -like device, else False.
Flags that specify what action lockf will take. Return the new cursor position in bytes, starting from the beginning. Parameters to the lseek function.
Their values are 0, 1, and 2, respectively. Open the file path and set various flags according to flags and possibly its mode according to mode. When computing mode , the current umask value is first masked out.
Return the file descriptor for the newly opened file. Raises an auditing event open with arguments path , mode , flags. For normal usage, use the built-in function open , which returns a file object with read and write methods and many more. To wrap a file descriptor in a file object, use fdopen.
The following constants are options for the flags parameter to the open function. They can be combined using the bitwise OR operator. Some of them are not available on all platforms. Open a new pseudo-terminal pair. Return a pair of file descriptors master, slave for the pty and the tty, respectively. The new file descriptors are non-inheritable. For a slightly more portable approach, use the pty module.
Availability : some flavors of Unix. Create a pipe. Return a pair of file descriptors r, w usable for reading and writing, respectively. Create a pipe with flags set atomically. Ensures that enough disk space is allocated for the file specified by fd starting from offset and continuing for len bytes. Announces an intention to access data in a specific pattern thus allowing the kernel to make optimizations. The advice applies to the region of the file specified by fd starting at offset and continuing for len bytes.
Read at most n bytes from file descriptor fd at a position of offset , leaving the file offset unchanged. Return a bytestring containing the bytes read. If the end of the file referred to by fd has been reached, an empty bytes object is returned. Read from a file descriptor fd at a position of offset into mutable bytes-like objects buffers , leaving the file offset unchanged.
Transfer data into each buffer until it is full and then move on to the next buffer in the sequence to hold the rest of the data. Return the total number of bytes actually read which can be less than the total capacity of all the objects.
Combine the functionality of os. Availability : Linux 2. Using flags requires Linux 4. Do not wait for data which is not immediately available. If this flag is specified, the system call will return instantly if it would have to read data from the backing storage or wait for a lock. If some data was successfully read, it will return the number of bytes read. If no bytes were read, it will return -1 and set errno to errno. Availability : Linux 4. Allows block-based filesystems to use polling of the device, which provides lower latency, but may use additional resources.
Write the bytestring in str to file descriptor fd at position of offset , leaving the file offset unchanged. Write the buffers contents to file descriptor fd at a offset offset , leaving the file offset unchanged. Buffers are processed in array order. Entire contents of the first buffer is written before proceeding to the second, and so on. This flag effect applies only to the data range written by the system call.
This flag is meaningful only for os. The offset argument does not affect the write operation; the data is always appended to the end of the file.
However, if the offset argument is -1 , the current file offset is updated. Return the number of bytes sent. When EOF is reached return 0. The first function notation is supported by all platforms that define sendfile. It returns the same as the first case.
Cross-platform applications should not use headers , trailers and flags arguments. For a higher-level wrapper of sendfile , see socket.
Set the blocking mode of the specified file descriptor. Parameters to the sendfile function, if the implementation supports them. At least one of the file descriptors must refer to a pipe.
The offset associated to the file descriptor that refers to a pipe must be None. Upon successful completion, returns the number of bytes spliced to or from the pipe. A return value of 0 means end of input. If src refers to a pipe, then this means that there was no data to transfer, and it would not make sense to block because there are no writers connected to the write end of the pipe.
Read from a file descriptor fd into a number of mutable bytes-like objects buffers. Return the process group associated with the terminal given by fd an open file descriptor as returned by os. Set the process group associated with the terminal given by fd an open file descriptor as returned by os. Return a string which specifies the terminal device associated with file descriptor fd.
If fd is not associated with a terminal device, an exception is raised. Write the contents of buffers to file descriptor fd.
If the file descriptor is not connected to a terminal, an OSError is raised. A subclass of tuple, holding columns, lines of the terminal window size. Since Python 3. On UNIX, non-inheritable file descriptors are closed in child processes at the execution of a new program, other file descriptors are inherited. On Windows, non-inheritable handles and file descriptors are closed in child processes, except for standard streams file descriptors 0, 1 and 2: stdin, stdout and stderr , which are always inherited.
Availability : Windows. However, some functions now alternatively accept an open file descriptor for their path argument. The function will then operate on the file referred to by the descriptor. You can check whether or not path can be specified as a file descriptor for a particular function on your platform using os. If this functionality is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
Return True if access is allowed, False if not. See the Unix man page access 2 for more information. This function can support specifying paths relative to directory descriptors and not following symlinks. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError. Using access to check if a user is authorized to e.
For example:. Values to pass as the mode parameter of access to test the existence, readability, writability and executability of path , respectively. This function can support specifying a file descriptor. The descriptor must refer to an opened directory, not an open file.
Set the flags of path to the numeric flags. This function can support not following symlinks. Change the mode of path to the numeric mode. This function can support specifying a file descriptor , paths relative to directory descriptors and not following symlinks. All other bits are ignored. Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid. See shutil. Change the current working directory to the directory represented by the file descriptor fd.
The function is no longer deprecated on Windows. Set the flags of path to the numeric flags , like chflags , but do not follow symbolic links. If path is a symlink, this affects the symlink rather than the target. This function will not follow symbolic links. Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory given by path. The list is in arbitrary order, and does not include the special entries '.
If a file is removed from or added to the directory during the call of this function, whether a name for that file be included is unspecified. If path is of type bytes directly or indirectly through the PathLike interface , the filenames returned will also be of type bytes ; in all other circumstances, they will be of type str. This function can also support specifying a file descriptor ; the file descriptor must refer to a directory. To encode str filenames to bytes , use fsencode. The scandir function returns directory entries along with file attribute information, giving better performance for many common use cases.
Perform the equivalent of an lstat system call on the given path. Similar to stat , but does not follow symbolic links. On platforms that do not support symbolic links, this is an alias for stat.
This function can also support paths relative to directory descriptors. Other kinds of reparse points are resolved by the operating system as for stat. If the directory already exists, FileExistsError is raised. On some systems, mode is ignored.
Where it is used, the current umask value is first masked out. If bits other than the last 9 i. On some platforms, they are ignored and you should call chmod explicitly to set them. Recursive directory creation function. Like mkdir , but makes all intermediate-level directories needed to contain the leaf directory. The mode parameter is passed to mkdir for creating the leaf directory; see the mkdir description for how it is interpreted.
To set the file permission bits of any newly-created parent directories you can set the umask before invoking makedirs. The file permission bits of existing parent directories are not changed. Since this behavior was impossible to implement safely, it was removed in Python 3. See bpo Create a FIFO a named pipe named path with numeric mode mode. The current umask value is first masked out from the mode.
FIFOs are pipes that can be accessed like regular files. FIFOs exist until they are deleted for example with os. Create a filesystem node file, device special file or named pipe named path. For stat. Return system configuration information relevant to a named file. Dictionary mapping names accepted by pathconf and fpathconf to the integer values defined for those names by the host operating system. This can be used to determine the set of names known to the system.
Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points. The result may be either an absolute or relative pathname; if it is relative, it may be converted to an absolute pathname using os.
If the path is a string object directly or indirectly through a PathLike interface , the result will also be a string object, and the call may raise a UnicodeDecodeError. If the path is a bytes object direct or indirectly , the result will be a bytes object.
When trying to resolve a path that may contain links, use realpath to properly handle recursion and platform differences. Remove delete the file path. If path is a directory, an IsADirectoryError is raised. Use rmdir to remove directories. If the file does not exist, a FileNotFoundError is raised.
This function can support paths relative to directory descriptors. On Windows, attempting to remove a file that is in use causes an exception to be raised; on Unix, the directory entry is removed but the storage allocated to the file is not made available until the original file is no longer in use.
This function is semantically identical to unlink. Remove directories recursively. Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is successfully removed, removedirs tries to successively remove every parent directory mentioned in path until an error is raised which is ignored, because it generally means that a parent directory is not empty.
For example, os. Raises OSError if the leaf directory could not be successfully removed. Rename the file or directory src to dst. If dst exists, the operation will fail with an OSError subclass in a number of cases:.
On Windows, if dst exists a FileExistsError is always raised. If both are directories and dst is empty, dst will be silently replaced. If dst is a non-empty directory, an OSError is raised. If both are files, dst it will be replaced silently if the user has permission. The operation may fail on some Unix flavors if src and dst are on different filesystems. If you want cross-platform overwriting of the destination, use replace.
Recursive directory or file renaming function. Works like rename , except creation of any intermediate directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted first. After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost path segments of the old name will be pruned away using removedirs. This function can fail with the new directory structure made if you lack permissions needed to remove the leaf directory or file.
If dst is a directory, OSError will be raised. If dst exists and is a file, it will be replaced silently if the user has permission.
The operation may fail if src and dst are on different filesystems. Remove delete the directory path. In order to remove whole directory trees, shutil. Return an iterator of os.
DirEntry objects corresponding to the entries in the directory given by path. The entries are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special entries '. If a file is removed from or added to the directory after creating the iterator, whether an entry for that file be included is unspecified. Using scandir instead of listdir can significantly increase the performance of code that also needs file type or file attribute information, because os. DirEntry objects expose this information if the operating system provides it when scanning a directory.
All os. If path is of type bytes directly or indirectly through the PathLike interface , the type of the name and path attributes of each os. DirEntry will be bytes ; in all other circumstances, they will be of type str. The scandir iterator supports the context manager protocol and has the following method:. This is called automatically when the iterator is exhausted or garbage collected, or when an error happens during iterating. However it is advisable to call it explicitly or use the with statement.
The entry. If a scandir iterator is neither exhausted nor explicitly closed a ResourceWarning will be emitted in its destructor. The function accepts a path-like object.
Object yielded by scandir to expose the file path and other file attributes of a directory entry. When a stat or lstat system call is made, the os. DirEntry object will cache the result. DirEntry instances are not intended to be stored in long-lived data structures; if you know the file metadata has changed or if a long time has elapsed since calling scandir , call os.
Because the os. DirEntry methods can make operating system calls, they may also raise OSError. If you need very fine-grained control over errors, you can catch OSError when calling one of the os.
DirEntry methods and handle as appropriate. To be directly usable as a path-like object , os. DirEntry implements the PathLike interface. Attributes and methods on a os. DirEntry instance are as follows:. The name attribute will be bytes if the scandir path argument is of type bytes and str otherwise.
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